Pinnisterols A–C,New 9,11-Secosterols from a Gorgonian Pinnigorgia sp.

Three new 9,11-secosterols, pinnisterols A–C (1–3), were isolated from a gorgonian coral Pinnigorgia sp., collected off the waters of Taiwan. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The new sterols 1 and 3 displayed significant inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils, and sterol 1 was found to show moderate cytotoxicity in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).     

Cyanobacterial Metabolite Calothrixins: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

The marine environment is host to unparalleled biological and chemical diversity, making it an attractive resource for the discovery of new therapeutics for a plethora of diseases. Compounds that are extracted from cyanobacteria are of special interest due to their unique structural scaffolds and capacity to produce potent pharmaceutical and biotechnological traits. Calothrixins A and B are two cyanobacterial metabolites with a structural assembly of quinoline, quinone, and indole pharmacophores. This review surveys recent advances in the synthesis and evaluation of the biological activities of calothrixins. Due to the low isolation yields from the marine source and the promise this scaffold holds for anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, organic and medicinal chemists around the world have embarked on developing efficient synthetic routes to produce calothrixins. Since the first review appeared in 2009, 11 novel syntheses of calothrixins have been published in the efforts to develop methods that contain fewer steps and higher-yielding reactions. Calothrixins have shown their potential as topoisomerase I poisons for their cytotoxicity in cancer. They have also been observed to target various aspects of RNA synthesis in bacteria. Further investigation into the exact mechanism for their bioactivity is still required for many of its analogs.     

A Saponification Method for Chlorophyll Removal from Microalgae Biomass as Oil Feedstock

Microalgae oil is an optimal feedstock for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and biodiesel production, but its high levels of chlorophyll limit its large-scale application. To date, few effective approaches have been developed to remove chlorophyll from microalgae oil. The main purpose of this study was to present a preprocessing method of algae oil feedstock (Scenedesmus) to remove chlorophyll by saponification. The results showed that 96% of chlorophyll in biomass was removed. High quality orange transparent oil could be extracted from the chlorophyll reduced biomass. Specifically, the proportion of neutral lipids and saturation levels of fatty acids increased, and the pigments composition became carotenoids-based. The critical parameters of chlorophyll reduced biodiesel conformed to the standards of the USA, China and EU. Sodium copper chlorophyllin could be prepared from the bleaching effluent. The results presented herein offer a useful pathway to improve the quality of microalgae oil and reduce the cost of microalgae biodiesel.     

青稞骨干亲本昆仑1号及其衍生品种(系)重要性状的演变研究

为阐明昆仑1号及其3个不同时期衍生品种(系)重要农艺性状的演变规律,对重要农艺性状和产量性状进行了研究。结果表明,昆仑1号衍生品种(系)的株高呈增加趋势,子代株高相对于昆仑1号平均株高分别增加8.17%、18.77%和14.74%;子代叶片类型由长而宽逐渐演变为短而窄,旗叶长宽比逐渐增加,叶面积逐渐减少,该类型变化使株型更加紧凑,有助于增加单位面积的植株数,提高光合总产量,促进青稞的增产;穗长、单株有效穗数、穗粒重和小区产量均显著增加;小穗数和穗粒数变化不明显,千粒重小幅度减少。相关性分析表明,穗粒重、千粒重与产量呈显著正相关,单株有效穗数、穗长、株高对产量呈显著负相关,小穗数和穗粒数与产量间的相关性不显著。因此,昆仑1号的穗大、千粒重高等丰产特性在品种演替中得到了很好的传递。建议西藏青稞育种中,应结合农区畜牧业的发展,保持株高、减少穗长、增加有效小穗数、提高结实率,千粒重和穗粒重并重、主攻小穗数和穗粒数是提高青稞产量的有效途径。     

氮·磷·钾肥运筹对谷子品质与产量的影响

[目的]探索谷子高产施肥中氮、磷、钾肥的最佳施用方式。[方法]以谷子品种“张杂10”为材料,研究氮、磷、钾肥运筹对谷子品质与产量的影响。[结果]产量最高的处理为N4,氮肥施用量为225 kg/hm2,产量为7443.55 kg/hm2。磷肥处理产量最高的是P5,磷肥施用量为240 kg/hm2,产量为6800.45 kg/hm2。钾肥处理产量最高的是K4,钾肥施用量为90 kg/hm2,产量为7180.16 kg/hm2。氮肥施用量的增加可以显著提高产量、穗粒重、千粒重以及蛋白质和碳水化合物的含量,但降低脂肪和纤维含量;磷肥施用量的增加有利于提高产量以及蛋白质、纤维的含量,但降低脂肪含量;钾肥施用量的增加有利于提高产量以及灰分、碳水化合物、脂肪、纤维的含量,但降低蛋白质的含量。[结论]氮肥是提高产量的最主要决定性因素,磷肥和钾肥只有与氮肥相互配施才能发挥增产的效用。     

氮、磷、钾配施对不同土壤类型小麦-玉米产量及灌水利用率的影响

采用田间试验,研究了等量灌溉条件下,不同氮(N1、N2、N3、N4小麦生长季节分别为120、180、240、360 kg/hm~2,玉米生长季节分别为180、270、360、450 kg/hm~2)、磷(P1、P2分别为90、135 kg/hm~2)、钾(K1、K2分别为75、150 kg/hm~2)配施对通许、西平和安阳3个不同土壤类型地区小麦、玉米产量及灌水利用率的影响,以期为指导当地农民合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施肥(CK)处理相比,不同氮、磷、钾配施均能够显著提高小麦、玉米及小麦-玉米周年产量和灌水利用率。在小麦季,通许、西平和安阳3个地区分别以N3P2K2、N3P2K1和N2P2K1处理产量和灌水利用率最高,产量分别为8 606 kg/hm~2、9 977 kg/hm~2和10 305 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产28.95%、52.48%和32.71%,灌水利用率分别为9.56 kg/m~3、11.09 kg/m~3和11.45 kg/m~3。在玉米季,通许、西平和安阳3个地区则分别以N4P2K2、N4P2K1和N2P2K2处理产量和灌水利用率最高,产量分别为10 998 kg/hm~2、8 828 kg/hm~2和11 715 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产32.44%、55.29%和28.21%,灌水利用率分别为12.22 kg/m~3、9.81 kg/m~3和13.02 kg/m~3。通许、西平和安阳3个地区分别以N3P2K2、N4P2K1和N1P2K2处理小麦-玉米周年产量和灌水利用率最高,周年产量分别为19 515 kg/hm~2、18 576 kg/hm~2和21 080 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产30.29%、51.92%和24.70%,灌水利用率分别为10.84 kg/m~3、10.32 kg/m~3和11.71 kg/m~3。     

红锥天然分布区气候区区划

文章以1950—2000年世界各地气象站19个气温和降水量相关气候信息的平均值为基础,通过主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)14个主要分布区内的22个气象样点进行气候区划.结果表明,纬度与气温的季节性呈显著性正相关(0.71),与最冷月最低温呈显著性负相关(-0.72);年最干月降水量与气温年较差呈显著性正相关(0.72),与最干季平均温呈显著性负相关(-0.71);19个因子可以综合为4个主成分,前4个主成分累计贡献率达80%,表明最冷季降水量、最暖季平均温、最暖季降水量和最暖月最高温具有较强的代表性;根据系统聚类将22个气象样点划分为四大气候区:南亚热带地区、中亚热带地区、西亚热带地区和热带北缘地区,这4个气候区在水、热两大气候因子上均有较大的差异.     

桃园生草研究进展

桃园生草是一种先进的桃园土壤管理模式.介绍了桃园生草的意义及生草方式,综述了桃园生草对土壤、微域气候、桃树生长发育、病虫草害的影响,总结了桃园生草存在的主要问题.桃园生草可以提高土壤肥力,改善土壤物理性状,平缓土壤温度变化,增加土壤微生物种类和数量,提高土壤酶活性,改善微域气候,提高果实品质,减轻病虫草害的发生.     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。